In the twentieth century, Shia Islam underwent a major shift following the Islamic revolution in Iran, which promoted the doctrine of wilâyat al-faqîh. Adopted by Lebanese Hezbollah, this theory confers the power to govern the Ummah exclusively upon theologian-jurists. Despite local reservations, Hezbollah is attempting to spread this doctrine in Lebanon, sparking controversy over its loyalty toward the country, a loyalty that may increasingly be called into question in the aftermath of October 23, 2023.