When the Bolsheviks seized power in October 1917, they undertook to radically transform Russia with the aim of creating an entirely new society. The Bolsheviks carried out far-reaching social levelling favouring the dispossessed at the expense of those who had formerly enjoyed priviledge, who were now repressed and discriminated against. The promise of emancipation was held out to different social categories : workers, "native populations" (inorodtsy), women, etc. This article aims to examine how the class struggle at the heart of the proletarian revolution was able to coexist with other forms of emancipation that is to say with national policy. In order to do so, this article will suggest a path which will describe the policies of class and nation as well as explain how the Bolsheviks imagined their union ; having done so, the article will then seek to reveal the logical reasoning behind these policies and the consequences they may have had for one another or in terms of repression and the assignment of identities.